Biofuels biotechnology, chemistry, and sustainable development david m. A selfpublished article by michael briggs, at the unh biofuels group, offers estimates for the realistic replacement of all vehicular fuel with biofuels by using algae that have a natural oil content greater than 50%, which briggs suggests can be grown on algae ponds at wastewater. The working group is cochaired by the secretaries of agriculture and energy and the administrator of the environmental protection agency. First generation biofuelsdirect foodcropbased biofuelsare likely to be largely banned in eu. In 1826, samuel morey became one of the first inventors to develop such an engine, which he designed to run on alcohol. The employment balance of biofuels is estimated to be about 16 jobs per ktoe, nearly all in rural areas each 1% proportion of biofuels in total fossil fuel. Advantages and disadvantages of first generation biofuels bioenergy, particularly biofuels, sustainability is a key aspect of the future energy development. In fact, much of his early work revolved around the use of biofuel. In many european countries, a 5% biodiesel blend is widely used and is. Bioenergy has been utilized for cooking, heating, and lighting since the dawn of. Biofuels production, trade and sustainable development. They can come from plant oils derived from many different crops, and fats. It seeks to provide some context for a understanding the limitations of firstgeneration biofuels made today from grains, seeds and sugar crops. Biofuels were once our primary fuel biofuels and bioenergy are as old as civilization itself.
By 2004, there were 25 biodiesel plants in the united states, and by 2009, the national biodiesel board listed over 200 manufacturers on its web site. Historical use of biofuels through the ages and competition. As the total biofuel mandate is projected to be binding throughout the projection period, ethanol use in. Biofuels in united kingdom in 2008 april 15, the renewable transport fuel obligation rtfo, all consumers fuel sold must contain at least 2. Advanced biofuels can refer to any biofuel made by a novel method andor that gives a better product than current biofuels to. Prepared with the input of more than 200 scientists, engineers, industry representatives, research managers, and other stakeholders, this document represents the synthesis of the biomass programs national algal. The chemistry and history of biodiesel biofuels are in the news as an answer to reducing our dependence on foreign oil and petroleum based fuels. A summary of relevant basic standard methods used in the study of microalgae culture is provided. In a joint venture with general electric and nrg energy, conocophillips creates energy technology ventures to focus on the development of nextgeneration energy technologies for renewable power generation, smart grids, energy efficiency, oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear energy, emission controls, water and biofuels. Biodiesel is nontoxic and biodegradable and is produced by combining alcohol with vegetable oil, animal fat, or recycled cooking grease. This report focuses on ethanol and biodiesel, the most widely available biofuels. These basic characteristics of the feedstocks hold promise for lower feedstock costs and substantial energy and environmental benefits for most secondgeneration biofuels compared to most firstgeneration biofuels. The past, present, and future of biofuels biobutanol.
From 1978 to 1996, the us nrel experimented with using algae as a biofuels source in the aquatic species program. This interactive timeline of the history of biofuels and bioenergy dates back hundreds of thousands of years, starting with the use of solid biofuels since the control of fire by humans. Many are concerned that this policy changes an overcorrection by unfairly lumping in good firstgeneration biofuels with bad ones. These usage levels have raised concerns about the impact of biofuels on world food supplies and prices. Governments issued mandates requiring the use of biofuels and offered tax credits for their use. A brief history of biofuels research biofuels have a long history, spanning back to the 19 th century when the internal combustion engine was being developed. These processes have been used for hundreds of years in many uses, such as making alcohol. Biofuels in the european union european commission. A usda regional roadmap to meeting the biofuels goals of the. Generations of biofuels objective oregon state university. Biofuels are fuels that are derived from plant material such as soy oil or animal fats. The difference between a good and a mediocre feedstock can be the difference between a yield of 400 gallons per acre and double or even ten times that amount. Introduction to biofuel april 30, 2009 eep 142 presented by.
Going back to the 1820s, a blend of camphene and alcohol was the. A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary processes from biomass, rather than a. Many of these become obsolete with the increasing availability of inexpensive gasoline. In its rigorous study, easac finds that first generation biofuels, once all impacts of biomass cultivation are taken into account, appear to provide little or none of the greenhouse gas reductions required in the directive whilst putting food, agriculture and natural. First generation biofuels, also known as conventional biofuels, are made from sugar, starch or vegetable oil. In 2015, historical leaders brazil and the united states produced. Biofuel technology handbook indian statistical institute. Second generation biofules are biofuels produced from sustainable feedstock. The number beside b or e is the percentage blend into transport fossil fuel. Throughout its history, biofuel producers have fought a mostly losing. Biofuels production represents a major opportunity for the european economy.
Production of biofuels from various feedstocks in 2006 fuel feedstock u. Department of energy doe biomass programs national algal biofuels technology roadmap. First generation biofuels are produced through wellunderstood technologies and processes, like fermentation, distillation and transesterification. The commencement of second generation biofuels aims to produce fuels. Pdf biofuels historical perspectives and public opinions. As inputs for the production of biofuels are usually still of fossil origin, the. Solid biofuels like wood, dung and charcoal have been used ever since man discovered fire, and are still used today for cooking and heating in many communities in developing countries. The report is focused on short term solid government solutions supporting the existing biofuels industry, as well as accelerating the commercial establishment of advanced biofuels and a viable longterm market by transforming how the u. First, second and third generation the 2nd generation biodiesel includes liquid fuels derived from jatrapha seed oil and from a catalytic conversion pro cess of synthetic gas from the gasification of biomass. Energy information administration biofuels issues and trends 1 highlights biofuels is a collective term for liquid fuels derived from renewable sources, including ethanol, biodiesel, and other renewable liquid fuels. Nan shi doris chen yu hui becky li songxu daniel wu. Merge between second generation and advanced biofuels 2.
In particular, the history of biofuel research and commercialization is provided. Biofuels for transport, including ethanol, biodiesel, and several other liquid and gaseous fuels, have the potential to displace a substantial amount of petroleum around the world over the next few decades, and a clear trend in that direction has begun. Conversion of oil of biological origin plantsanimals by esterification. Experience in the region shows that regulatory frameworks play a central role in shaping domestic biofuels markets, and that they should be accompanied by energy efficiency measures. Future growth in crop and biofuel yields will probably allow corn ethanol and soy biodiesel to.
Even liquid biofuels such as olive oil and whale oil. Biofuels vary in their impact on climate, energy security and ecosystems, depending on the specific processes involved in producing them. Even liquid biofuels such as olive oil and whale oil have been used at least since early antiquity. Some ethanol is also used as a 85% blend e85 in flexible fuel cars. Annie dufey, 2006, biofuels production, trade and sustainable development.
Apr 10, 2016 biofuels and bioenergy are as old as civilization itself. They also say it is counterproductive, in that it will discourage investment in secondgeneration biofuels. Biofuels in the solid form has been in use ever since man discovered fire. The potential and challenges of dropin biofuels pdf. The proposed legislation would end support for all such biofuels regardless of their impact on land use. Modification of the definition of advanced biofuels. The book is intended for the expert and those starting work in the field.
In 1900, for example, at the world exhibition in paris, france, diesel demonstrated his engine by running it on peanut oil similarly, henry ford expected his model t to. Liquid biofuels have a long history in transport, energy and climate. Introduction to biofuel university of california, berkeley. Currently, this directive allows fuel distributers to blend petrol and diesel with 5%. Pdf it is increasing clear that biofuels can be a viable source of renewable energy in contrast to the finite nature, geopolitical instability, and. The biwg brings together and engages in interagency policy discussions on the growing biofuels industry. Government does business across departments and using strategic publicprivate partnerships.
Biofuels and bioenergy are as old as civilization itself. Four interesting facts about biofuels throughout time. Rudolf diesel, whose invention now bears his name, had envisioned vegetable oil as a fuel source for his engine. Developing innovative technologies can secure new jobs in rural areas, but also within industrial companies. Pdf merge combine pdf files free tool to merge pdf online. Biofuel organisms producing biofuel starts with growing feedstock and choosing the right feedstock is paramount.
792 139 354 603 653 683 62 1503 1430 306 100 1068 580 607 606 551 371 228 1348 1129 112 465 1141 68 1528 1456 323 128 353 1152 254 1005 400 713 1086 238 97 985 496 1274 25 1321 1291 352